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A recent study published in Neurology highlights a concerning gap in diagnosing Tourette syndrome (TS) in women. Researchers found that women with TS are less likely to be diagnosed and, when they are, it typically occurs later in life compared to men. These findings show the need for increased awareness and screening for TS in females to improve timely intervention and management of the condition.

Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements and sounds known as tics. These can range from eye blinking and throat clearing to more complex behaviours such as shoulder shrugging, humming, or even vocalizing inappropriate words. While the condition is diagnosed three times more frequently in boys than girls, this disparity may partly be due to delayed or missed diagnoses in females.

According to the study, led by Dr Marisela Dy-Hollins, a pediatric neurologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, 61 per cent of females with TS had been diagnosed before the study compared to 77 per cent of males. Moreover, it took girls an average of three years to receive a diagnosis after symptom onset, compared to two years for boys. Girls were also diagnosed later, at an average age of 13, compared to 11 years for boys.

"These results suggest that healthcare professionals and parents should actively screen female individuals with tics to give them a better chance of managing their symptoms over time," said Dr Dy-Hollins in a news release. Early detection and intervention are crucial for better outcomes.

Signs and Symptoms of Tourette Syndrome

Tourette syndrome often begins in childhood, with initial symptoms appearing between ages 5 and 7. Common signs include:

- Motor tics: Sudden, involuntary movements such as blinking, grimacing, or shoulder shrugging.

- Vocal tics: Uncontrollable sounds like throat clearing, humming, or yelling.

- Complex tics: More intricate movements or behaviours like repeating words or phrases.

Tics can vary in intensity and may improve over time, but they can also interfere with daily life and emotional well-being if left unaddressed.

Ways to Support Individuals with Tourette Syndrome

Early diagnosis and tailored interventions can significantly improve the quality of life for people with TS. Here are some strategies to support individuals with the condition:

1. Education: Raising awareness about Tourette syndrome among families, educators, and healthcare providers can reduce stigma and ensure early detection.

2. Behavioural Therapies: Techniques like Comprehensive Behavioural Intervention for Tics (CBIT) can help individuals manage tics more effectively.

3. Medication: In cases where tics are severe, medications such as antipsychotics or muscle relaxants may be prescribed.

4. Watchful Waiting: For mild tics, monitoring without immediate treatment may suffice, as symptoms often diminish with age.

5. Emotional Support: Encouraging open communication and providing mental health support can help individuals cope with social and emotional challenges associated with TS.

Closing the Gender Gap

The reasons for delayed diagnosis in girls remain unclear, but researchers speculate that differences in tic expression or societal perceptions may play a role. Dr Dy-Hollins emphasized the need for further research, particularly in understanding gender, racial, and ethnic disparities in TS diagnosis and treatment.

As awareness grows, it is essential to ensure equitable diagnosis and care for everyone affected by Tourette syndrome. Early intervention can empower individuals to lead fulfilling lives despite the challenges posed by this condition.

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