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Superbugs, microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial drugs, pose a severe threat to global health. According to Dr Arvind Balakrishna Kasaragod, Director of Medical Services, Cloudnine Group of Hospitals, these drug-resistant pathogens emerge due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a phenomenon driven by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. Infections caused by superbugs lack effective treatments, potentially creating a crisis worse than the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dr Kasaragod says that AMR undermines essential medicines, complicating the treatment of common infections and increasing mortality rates. Over 1.2 million lives are lost annually to drug-resistant infections worldwide, with projections suggesting this figure could rise to 10 million by 2050 if no action is taken. Resistant pathogens transcend borders, jeopardising advancements in modern medicine and placing enormous strain on healthcare systems.

“Without effective antimicrobials, routine surgeries and medical procedures become high-risk endeavours,” Dr Kasaragod explains, adding that there is an urgency for coordinated global action.

India, the world's largest consumer of antibiotics, exemplifies the factors fueling AMR. Dr Kasaragod identifies over-prescription, self-medication, and unregulated access to antibiotics as critical contributors. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic usage in India surged by 103%, according to The Lancet.

Agricultural practices also play a role, with antibiotics used routinely in livestock. “Resistant bacteria can transfer to humans through the food chain and environmental exposure, further amplifying the crisis,” Dr Kasaragod adds.

Efforts to curb AMR face numerous obstacles, including a lack of awareness, economic interests, and inadequate research funding. “AMR is a complex issue requiring systemic changes in healthcare, agriculture, and public policy,” Dr Kasaragod says.

Global cooperation is crucial, as resistant microbes spread easily through human movement, food, and the environment. However, enforcement of regulations and public education campaigns often fall short due to financial and logistical challenges.

Dr Kasaragod urges immediate, coordinated efforts to address AMR.

Healthcare Professionals: Adhere to antimicrobial stewardship programmes and educate patients on the risks of misuse.

Policymakers: Enforce stricter regulations on antibiotic sales and agricultural use.

Public Awareness: Increase campaigns highlighting the dangers of AMR and self-medication.

Research Investment: Fund the development of new antibiotics, rapid diagnostics, and alternative treatments.

International Collaboration: Foster unified strategies and data sharing to combat the global spread of resistance.

“The time to act is now,” Dr Kasaragod stresses. “If we fail, future generations will face a world where minor infections become life-threatening, routine surgeries too dangerous, and medical advancements reversed.”

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